f 



U' .-' 



SEP 



1898 



K COURSE OF STUDIES IN 
ENGLISH HISTORY. 



[ILLUSTRATED BY LEGENDARY AND HISTORICAL 
PLAYS OF WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE. 



BY LUCY E. MORRIS. 



"This blessed plot, this earth, this realm, this England." 

—Richard II. 



BERLIN, WIS. 

GEO. C. HICKS, 
1897. 



<<•'/ 









■'^54 



COPYRIGHTED 
BY THE AUTHOR. 

1897. 



8F.P6 im 






STUDIES IN ENGLISH HISTORY. 



INTRODUCTORY* 

The group of studies contained in this little brochure was originally prepared for 
?jthe use of the Athena Society, of Berlin, Wisconsin, which began in 1890 the study 
lof English history by periods in association with Shakespeare's historical plays, using 
(also the legendary dramas which serve to indicate manners, customs, condition of 
jthe people or ethical principles. From time to time the outlines have been used 
iby other clubs, and now, the supply being exhausted and numerous unsatisfied re- 
quests for them having been received, they are reprinted in this form with the hope 
that they may continue to be helpful to club-women engaged in the same line of 
research. 

Of the ten English historical plays of Shakespeare direct connection is preserved 
in eight and events of the intervals were supplied by means of connective historical 
lessons, other authors being also drawn upon. The general plan pursued, as will 
appear by examination of the scheme, was the following. Commencing with the 
period of Early Britain, points of interest concerning the first inhabitants were 
supplemented by astrological research and this epoch was accentuated by the tragedy 
of "King Lear. " The era of Roman occupation followed, with a study of the 
romantic drama of "Cymbeline." The Saxon and Danish periods were illustrated 
by Tennyson's "Idylls of the King," his drama of "Harold," Bulvver's "Harold" 
and the tragedy of "Macbeth," the latter being used because, although mainly of 
Scottish associations, it belongs to the British Cycle of Shakespearian plays. The 
Norman period was carefully reviewed as also that of the early Plantagenets during 
which Tennyson's drama of "Becket" was studied and the novels of Scott bearing 
upon the Crusades, Shakespeare's "King John" being the work of greatest interest 
considered «t this time. Miss Porter's "Scottish Chiefs" and Chaucer's "Canterbury 
Tales" were also read. Begining with "Richard II. " the plays of Shakespeare 
present an unbroken sequence for more than a century and include the dramas of 
"Henry IV.," "Henry V.," the trilogy of "Henry VI." and "Richard III.," 
forming an admirable basis for historical research. The first part of ' 'Henry VI. ' ' 
was compared with Schiller's "Die Jungfrau von Orleans," and, to illustrate the 
character of Warwick "the king- maker," Bulwer's "Last of the Barons," was 
read. The "Wars of the Roses" were emphasized by a rose day. The celebrated 
Temple Garden scene was read, large trays of red and white roses were in evidence 
and each member was requested to select and wear her color, giving reasons for the 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH HISTORY. 



.1 



choice. This scene became nearly as animated as its famous prototype and prov 
a marked stimulus to independent thought. The Tudor epoch was illustrated 
Shakespeare's "Henry VIII.," Tennyson's "Queen Mary," Scott's "Kenilvvorthj 
"The Abbot" and Schiller's "Maria Stuart." Many other works were included 
the Collateral Reading, Edwin Lester Arnold's "Phra the Phoenician" being o 
of the most suggestive. This book was reviewed in sections illustrative of vario\ 
epochs, it being the story of a human being who had the singular fortune to li\ 
in England during all of the historical periods covered by this series of studies. 

Points discussed by the Athena are only partially indicated by the syllabus, i 
object being to place the class in the same line of thought in order to systematic 
the recitations, while suitable additional questions will readily occur to any goo 
leader. Historical, legendary and local associations were always surveyed, mytl 
ological, classical and biblical allusions commented upon and passages of difficult 
designated and explained, attention being called to all figures of speech, paralle 
passages in other plays and references to the work of other writers. Few paper 
have been prepared, a colloquial method of treatment having been found to be mor 
beneficial. Each play has been closed with a quotation exercise, the famous quota 
tions of the entire play being written on slips of paper which were distributed to the 
class, the members being requested to place the expressions in their proper setting, 
giving their connection with associated thoughts and incidents. 

Rolfe's and Hudson's editions of Shakespeare's plays have usually been used by 
the class, while the "Commentaries" of Gervinus, Dowden's "Shakespeare, His 
Mind and Art," Hudson's "Shakespeare's Life, Art and Character" and Corson's 
"Introduction to Shakespeare" have been most helpful to the various members whc 
have also frequently drawn upon Mrs. Jameson's "Characteristics of Women" and 
"Celebrated Female Sovereigns," and Mrs. Strickland's "Queens of England. " For 
compressed information in cheap and convenient form Dowden's "Shakespeare 
Primer" is recommended. Any good English History will furnish all of the historic- 
al information demanded by the scheme. Green's "History of the English People" 
and the Encyclopoedia Britannica having usually been consulted by the Athena. 
Various works on English Literature have been referred to, as Taine, Chambers* 
Shaw, etc., many of the class having found Mrs. Richardson's "Familiar Talks on 
I'-nglish Literature" an interesting source of information. 

The method pursued by this class is thus explicitly stated for the^oenefit of new 
clubs which may find hints for their own adaptation. 

Finally, these studies have not been prosecuted principally for an accumulation \ 
of facts, but rather as a ground-work for character-lessons, there being always in 
the plays of Shakespeare abundant opportunities for the survey of lofty principles 
tending to the development of an ethical ideal, as well as the cultivation of the 
flowers of fancy and imagination., 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH HISTORY. 



HISTORICAL LESSON* 



action First. Early Britain, 

(The first inhabitants. Their probable origin. Their religion. Temples and 
tars. Holy days. Manners and customs. Condition of the country. Remains 
f the period. 

}^ection Second. Science of Astrology* 

Its origin and prevalency. Most illustrions adherents. Importance in relation 
/to historical events. Prominence in literature. Biblical references. 



Iktna Xear. 

LESSON \. 

Act I. — Lear's plan for the division of his kingdom. Analysis of Cordelia's 
motives. Does she give an intimation of a preference for either of her suitors ? 
Lear's arrogant disposition, as displayed by his conduct and language. Traits of 
character shown by Goneril and Regan. Do you find extenuating reasons for the 
evil behavior of Edmund ? Indications of a current belief in astrology. Probable 
effect upon character. Difficulties of Lear and Goneril. Lear's curse compared 
with other maledictions in Shakespeare. Characteristics of Lear's fool. Of Glos- 
ter, Edgar, Edmund. 

Question for debate: — 
Was a predisposition to insanity manifested by Lear from the opening of the play ? 

Salvini's opinion upon this subject. — Century Magazine^ Vol. XXVII, Wo. 4. 

LESSON n. 

Act II. — Condition of affairs in the divided kingdom. Gloster's conduct as a 
father compared with that of Lear. Quality lacking in each. Characteristic 
traits of Kent. Real object of the punishment meted out to him. A custom of 
the times as shown by Edgar's disguise. Knowledge of human nature manifested 
by the *' Fool. " In the alliance of the sisters, do you find affection and con- 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH HISTORY. 



fidence, or only self interest ? Notice the change in their proposals for thf 
father's establishment. Has his conduct developed harshness in them or are th 
merely unmasking ? Conflict in Lear's mind between his wish for patience a| 
his desire for revenge. Evidences of the deceitful nature of Regan. ) 

LESSON III. 

Acf III. — Effect of the storm upon Lear. Result upon Gloster's fortunes of™ 
compassion for the aged sufferer. Hallucinations of Lear. Influence of the coi^ 
panionship of Edgar. Elimination of the "Fool" from the play. From tli 
stand-point of allegiance to country, was the French alliance treasonable ? Degrif 
of guilt sustained by the various participants in Sc, 7. Fearless nobility of charactii 
displayed by a servitor. Other examples of the fidelity of retainers of Shakep 
peare. Condition of the two parents compared. \ 

Browning's " Child Roland. " ^ 

LESSON IV. f 

Act IV, — Philosophy of Edgar. Of Gloster. His sympathy for others in disl 
tress. Goneril's characterization of her husband. Probable reasons for his in- 
action. Goneril's purposes as here disclosed. Progress of Lear's lunacy. Mix- 
ture of philosophic wisdom with his wandering talk. His ever recurring thought: 
Rivalry of the wicked sisters. Love or ambition the stronger passion ? Cordelia's 
sole object in the invasion of the kingdom. Development of her character. 
Cliff of Dover. Edgar's design in carrying out with his father the artifice aboui 
the cliff. Meeting of the ill-fated parents. Review of the scene of the reunion be' 
tween Cordelia and Lear. Change in the nature of Edgar. Comparison of the two 
faithful children. Predominant atmosphere of Act IV. 

LESSON V. 

Act V. — Albany's reasons for combining his forces with those commanded by 
Edmund. Real aim of the latter. The one desire of Lear. Do you consider 
him now restored to sanity? Regan's claim to the allegiance of Edmund. 
Reasons for his arrest. The ancient custom of wager of battle and trial by com- 
bat. The germ of goodness in Edmund's breast. Passionate fidelity of Kent. 
His mission in the play. Catastrophe of the tragedy compared with that of Othello. 
What element alone remains ? Comparison of the faithless children. Insanity in 
Shakespeare. 

Assigned Topics. — Comparison of Cordelia with "Antigone. " 

Of Edgar with Edmund. 

LESSON VI. 
Sumviary.-\. THE Plot. — Its sources. Resemblance and difference in the stories 
of the two families which are incorporated in this drama. Where is the climax 
reached ? 

11. The Characters. — Summary of Lear's characteristics. Why is he consid- 
ered the greatest sufferer in Shakespeare's plays ? Mistakes of Cordelia. Her 



\\ 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH HISTORY, 



Isition among Shakespearian heroines. Her profoundest principle. What other 
•alities are exemplified in her ? Central figure of the drama. Second in im- 
jrtance. Principal agent in its action. Edmund compared with Richard III. 
1th lago. Versatility required for the part of Edgar. Differences in the charac- 
ristics of Regan and Goneril. Is their conduct improbable ? Compare with the 
Oman Tullia. With other representations of wickedness in Shakespeare. Best 
:ponent of patriotism in the play. Other traits of Albany. 

III. The Thought. — Character of the age represented in the play. Its moral 
roblem. Highest stand-point of the poem. The dominant thought. Chief 
laracteristic. Most powerful scenes. Most pitiful episode. Display of the pas- 
on of revenge. Of fidelity. Proverbs and famous quotations. Your opinion of 
le work as compared with the other tragedies of Shakespeare. Trace a connection 
etween external events and the production of tragic poetry. 

l' IV. With the Critics. —Coleridge, Schlegel, Hazlitt, Hudson, Gervinus, 
aJlrici, Snider, Moulton, Dowden. 

I V. With the Actors. — Those most distinguished as delineators of King Lear. 
/Version of the play formerly used on the stage. 



HISTORICAL LESSON. 



Early Britain. 

I. Period of Roman Occupation. 

Celebrated Britons. Important Roman names. Introduction of Christianity. 

II. Leading Questions. 

What part of Britain was subdued by the Romans ? Was the contest a thorough 
one ? Was it beneficial or otherwise ? Did it leave any lasting results ? Why did 
the Romans abandon the country ? 

III. Conversation. 

The Roman Empire. 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH HISTORY. 



Het 



son 
LESSON L 

Act I. — Situation of affairs at opening of the play. Previous events. Wh 
are lachimo's motives in laying the wager ? Your opinion of the action of Pc 
thumus in giving up the ring. Parallels of this scene. Purposes of the quee 
Comment upon the letter of Posthumus. Upon lachimo's manner of wooing. A 
count for the ease with which Imogen's indignation is placated. Summary « 
opinions entertained of Posthumus as reported in this Act. The step-mother 
literature. 

Assigned Topic. — Imogen's Filial Relations Compared with Those of Othd 
Shakespearian Daughters. i 

LESSON n. 

Act II. — The general opinion concerning Cloten. Comment upon the episode ol 
the trunk. Your idea of the love-making tactics employed by Cloten. Shakes 
pearian quotations on music. Other expressions on the power of gold. Compar<l 
the plots laid by lachimo with the machinations of other villains. Was it lachimo'i 
clever acting or his evidence that convinced Posthumus ? How do his proofs com 
pare with those furnished to Othello ? Contrast the young husband's condemna- 
tion of the gentler sex with the reserve shown by Imogen when he is accused. Dd' 
you consider his severity of judgment as a masculine characteristic likely to appeal J 
in similar circumstances ? Which has the most depraved nature, Cloten or lachi-^ 
mo? I 

Assigned Topic. — Allusions to Works of Art in Shakespeare. " 

i' 

LESSON IIL 

Act III. — State the relations of Rome and Britain. What sort of an impression 
does the royal family create in the interview with the ambassador ? Note the con- 
fidence of Pisanio in Imogen. Your opinion of the method of procedure adopted 
by Posthumus. To what extent was sun-worship prevalent at this time ? Note 
veiws of Belarius on the contrast of town and country life. Belarius on heredity. 
His story of his own conduct. Comment upon the purposes of Pisanio. Other 
quotations on slander. Characteristics of Imogen as shown in Sc. 4. Compare 
some of her sayings with similar expressions of Hermione in "The Winter's Tale." 
Result of the Roman embassy. Schemes of Cloten. Loyalty of Pisanio to Imogen. 
Her present situation. 

Assigned Topic. — The Waif-Motive in Literature. 

LESSON IV. 
Act IV. — Cloten's opinion of himself. Is the immediate affection entertained 
by the brothers tor Imogen caused by congeniality of natures or is it intuitive con- 
sanguineous affection ? Cloten's well-merited fate. Other flower-scenes in 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH HISTORY. 9 

Shakespeare. In which scene of the lessonsis Imogen's situation the most affecting ? 
Her reasons for accepting the new position. Is the Queen's maternal devotion un- 
natural in such a character? Traits of the two young brothers. Is their martial 

Iresolve prompted by the fire of youth or princely blood ? Suggestions from Emer- 

/son's Essay on Fate. 

1 

) Assigned Topics. — Famous Instances in Literature where Falsehood Seems 

j Commendable. 

Shakespeare's Heroines in Male Attire. 

^Debate. — Laws of Heredity versus Influence of Environment. 

LESSON V. 

\ Act V. —What marked trait of human nature does Posthumus display in his re- 
(pentant mood ? Give other similar examples. His idea of atonement. Evidences 
of a better nature in lachimo. Posthumus' account of the battle. His one desire. 
Comment upon the supernatural episode. Shakespeare's use of dreams and visions. 
Compare thoughts on life and death with the homily of the Duke in '* Measure for 
Measure. " Other expressions of same import. The King's conjugal affec- 
tion. Compare portraiture of the Queen with other delineations of feminine wicked- 
ness. Which incident do you consider most impressive in the scene of confessions 
and pardons. How is the Roman defeat turned into a real victory ? 

Summary. — I. The Plot. — Sum up the influence of the historical episodes upon 
the action of the play. Specify its three principal threads of interest. Note the 
epic element. Sources of the plot. 

II. The Characters. — Compare lachimo with other characters of intrigue. Give 
other examples of sudden conversion. Imogen as a type of wife-hood. Her posi- 
tion among the heroines of Shakespeare. Pisanio as a type of fidelity compared 
with others of his servitors. Characterize others of the dramatis personcs. 

III. The Thought. — What is the prevailing feature of the drama of Cymbeline ? 
Note the element of deception in the play. Of retribution. Value or use of the 
principle of evil. Jealousy as a motive-power in Shakespeare. Its use by other 
writers. General comparison of the structure of the play with that of '* King Lear. " 
Its lessons. Poetical passages. Famous quotations. 

IV. Critical Comments. — Noted Stage Representations. — (** Cymbeline 
at the Lyceum, " Fortnightly Review, Nov., 1896.) 

Assigned Topic. — The Young Men of Shakespeare. 



10 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH HISTORY. 



HISTORICAL OUTLINES- 



Ancient England. 

5«xoii Conquest of Britain. 

Story of King Arthur. The Saxon Heptarchy. Religion of the ancient $axon; 
Spiritual conquest of Britain. Venerable Bede. Old poem of Csedmon. 



Collateral Reading. 



Idylls of the King. " 



Tennyson. I 



The Pormatlon of England. 

Egbert and the early Saxon kings. First invasion of the Danes. Leading! 
features of Norse character. Norse Mythology. 

Relflrn of Alfred the Great. 

Alfred and the Danes. University of Oxford. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. 
General improvement. Traits of Alfred's character. 



Lord. \ 
Abbott. 



Collateral Reading. 

The Saxons in England, (Beacon Lights of History, Vol. IL) 
Alfred, King of England. .... 

Continuation of the Saxon Period. 

Edward the Elder. Athelstan. The Six Boy Kings. Dunstan. Sweyn. Ed- 
mund Ironsides. 

Angio-Danish Period. 

Accession of Canute. Principal acts of his reign. His character. Emma, 
Queen of Canute. Reign of Harold Harefoot. Of Hardicanute. 

Saxon Dynasty Restored. 

Edward the Confessor. Harold IL Battle of Hastings. 

Collateral Reading. 

Harold, the Last of the Saxon Kings. - . . Bulwer. 

Harold, (drama) ..... Tennyson. 

Hereward ..... Kingsley. 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH HISTORY. 11 



/l)acbetb. 



LESSON \. 

\ci I. — Significance of the first appearance of the witches. Valor of Macbeth. 
trast of himself and Banquo in the meeting with the weird sisters. Effect of 
interview upon Macbeth. Of the arrangement for succession to the throne. 
jy Macbeth's opinion of her husband, trustworthy or not ? Her character as it 
ears here. Macbeth's feelings about "the life to come " compared with Ham- 
- a. Is conscience a factor in his further scruples ? Lady Macbeth's dififering 
ews. With whom did the idea of murder originate ? Where do you place the 
lief responsibility for the plans concerning it ? Lady Macbeth's precipitancy as 
j)mpared with other Shakespearian heroines. Summary of Macbeth's character- 
[lics as shown at this period of his career. 

LESSON IL 

Act II. — Significance of the incident concerning Banquo's sword. His state of 
mind. Macbeth's hallucination about the dagger. Lady Macbeth's strenuousness 
of will. Macbeth's thoughts of "blessing" compared with the King's attempt at 
prayer in "Hamlet. " Your opinion of the bit of comedy in Sc. 3. Lady Macbeth's 
swoon. Suspicions of those present. Current superstitions. 

LESSON IIL 

Act IIL — Present condition of affairs. Banquo's attitude. Macbeth's soliloquy. 
His motive to crime now as compared with that which prompted the murder of Dun- 
can. Further evidence of moral deterioration. Contrast of disposition and purpose 
in husband and wife. Does Lady Macbeth suspect Macbeth's intentions ? How do 
you account for the change in their positions ? First shock of Nemesis in the ban- 
quet scene. Why does it appear in the form of the supernatural ? Does the warn- 
ing have any effect upon Macbeth's further purposes ? Contrast in Lady Macbeth 
at the banquet and after its close. Functions of Hecate. Opinions entertained of 
Macbeth. 

LESSON IV. 

Act IV. — The cauldron. The apparitions. Historical significance of the fourth. 
Their effect upon Macbeth. His reasons for mistrusting Macduff. Comparative 
atrocity of the murders at the castle of the latter. Suspicions of Malcolm. His 
test of Macduff. General character of Macbeth's reign. Historical associations. 



12 STUDIES IN ENGLISH HISTORY. 



LESSON V. 

Ac/ V. — The sleep-walking scene. Connect with former incidents. Contra 
Macbeth and his wife as shown by the fact that his hallucinations are wh 
is awake and Lady Macbeth's are somnambulistic. The physician's fears. Ft 
ment of the prophesies. Various views obtained of Macbeth in this Act. 
his courage constitutional or acquired, as shown by the entire play ? 

Assigned Topics, — Stage Types of Lady Macbeth. \i{ 

Comparison of Lady Macbeth with Medea and Clytemn ri 

LESSON VL I 

Summary. — \. The .SUPERNATURAL Element. — Group together the scei^, 
which the weird sisters appear, and g'ive their comparative importance. Ext . 
which the action of the play is determined by them. Do they represent inexc 
fate or simply promptings of evil ? Their position among gruesome creations, j^' 
other apparitions. 

II. Characters of the Play.— Evidences of the dual nature of Mac^r 
Point where separation occurs. The difference in his soul-struggles and those 
Hamlet. Noted delineations of his character. Macbeth compared with Rich 
in. With King Claudius in "Hamlet. " Designate other characters either 
torical or ficticious with whom great power has proved a temptation. Was Lj i 
Macbeth's ambition innate and personal, or simply of a wifely character ? V 
you find evidence that she did not possess a criminal nature? Comparative ^ 
of husband and wife. Lady M's wickedness compared with that of the Queen | 
Cymbeline. With other female characters in Shakespeare. Characteristics of Mr 
duff. Other participants in the play. 

III. The Thought. — Psychology in " Macbeth " compared with " Hamlet. 
Theme and lessons of *' Macbeth. " Aphorisms and noblest lines. 

IV. Opinions of Critics. — Rank of the play. Views taken of the leadii 
characters. Salvini's " Impressions of Some Shakespearian Characters, " Centu> 
Magazine, Nov. 1 88 1. 

V. Sources of Plot. — 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH HISTORY. 13 



HISTORICAL OUTLINES* 



The Norman Period. 

The Normans in France. William's claim to the throne of England. His coro- 
nation. Character of his reign. Doomsday Book. The Bayeux Tapestry. Wil- 
liam II. Henry I. Matilda. Stephen. The Feudal System. Inception of the cru- 
sades. Social condition of the people. Effect of the Norman conquest upon liter- 
ature. 

Collateral Reading. 
William the Conqueror. - - . . Abbott. 

Saint Anselm, (Beacon Lights of History, Vol. II.) - - - Lord. 

The Feudal System. - - - - . Lord. 

The Crusades. - - . - - . Lord. 

The Early Plantaffenet*. 

Life and character of Henry II. Literature of his reign. Thomas a Becket. 
Career of Richard I. The Third Crusade. Robin Hood. Treatment of the Jews. 
Reign of King John, Loss of the French provinces. Quarrel with the Pope. 
Magna Charta. John's resistance to its provisions. 

Collateral Reading. 

Thomas Becket, (Beacon's Lights of History, Vol. II.) - - Lord. 

Becket, (drama.) - - - . . Tennyson. 

The Foresters. - - - - - . << 

The Betrothed, Ivanhoe, The Talisman. - - - Scott. 

Cceur de Lion at the Bier of his Father. - - Mrs. Hemans. 

Richard L - - - - - . Abbott. 



icina Jobn. 

LESSON I. 

Act I. — State the claim made by the French ambassador in behalf of Arthur, 
with its historic basis. By what right does John claim the throne of England ? 
What constituted his title to the French provinces ? Did the English people re- 
gard John as an usurper ? Relate the bit of family history that appears in Sc. I. 
Choice of the Bastard. His motive in wishing to take note of the ways of the 
world. Note Elinor's influence at the court. Character of the Bastard as shown 
in this act. 

Assigned Topics.— The Elinor of History. 

Her Portraiture in Tennyson's ♦' Becket. " 



14 STUDIES IN ENGLISH HISTORY. 

LESSON n. 

.!cf 11. — Give some account of Angiers. The alliance in behalf of Arthur. Does 
Constance show political wisdom in making an unpatriotic league with the enemies 
of England ? Compare her action with that of Cordelia. Message of Chatillon 
and his description of the invaders. In the scolding match between Constance and 
Elinor, what hint as to the career of the latter ? Are the comments of their associ- 
ates a reliable guide in making up a judgment concerning Shakespeare's characters ? 
Give examples in support of your belief. Counter claims made by the two Kings. 
Neutrality of the inhabitants of Angiers. Advice of the Bastard. Proposition 
of the citizens. The compact. Desire of the Kings to placate Constance. What 
is the Bastard's opinion of the compromise ? Why did John consent to it ? Your 
views of the policy of his course. Philip's probable motive in championing the 
cause of Arthur. 

Historical Sketches. — Constance. Blanche of Castile. 

LESSON in. 

Act JIL — Grief and indignation of Constance. Does she express a correct idea 
of a mother's love in Sc. i, lines 42-52 ? Comment upon the justice of her re- 
proaches. Errand of Pandulph. Do you find sophistry or sincerity in his argu- 
ments ? Your opinion of John's defiance of the papal power. State general effect 
ol a sentence of interdict. Comment upon Philip's course. Upon Blanche's posi- 
tion. John's attitude toward the church as shown in the commission given to the 
Bastard. His character as it appears in the interview with Hubert. What seems 
to be the strongest trait in the mind of Constance ? Do you think her grief 
caused solely by the present separation from her son ? Compare her lamentations 
with those of other grieving women. Note the prophecy of Pandulph. 

Historical Sketches. — Pope Innocent III. Philip Augustus. 

LESSON IV. 

Act IV. — What do you learn of the character of Hubert in Sc. i ? Of Arthur ? 
Give historical account of the coronations of John. Suit of the nobles. Note 
John's filial relations. State the causes that combine to make him repent of his 
plans for Arthur's death. How does he seek to evade his own responsibility ? 
Prophecies and portents of the times. Comment uj)on the action taken by the 
nobles. Where does Faulconbridge place his duty ? Which course enlists your 
sympathies ? Designate the event of greatest importance in this Act. 

Assigned Topic. — Shakespeare's Pictures of Childhood. 

LESSON V. 

Act V. — Recapitulate causes of discord between John and the Pope. Note the 
change in their relations since John's declaration in Act III. Sc. i. What has 
caused him to accept the terms offered by Pandulph ? Who, by this action, becomes 
the real ruler of England ? The Bastard on this league. Soul struggles of Salisbury. 
Comment upon Lewis' defiance of the papal mandate as compared with his advice 
to his father formerly. Fervor of the Bastard. Motives of Melun. Why does 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH HISTORY. 15 

Salisbury rejoice at learning of the treachery of the Dauphin ? Probable reasons 
for the course of the latter. Various views concerning the *'seat of the soul." Does 
the death of John arouse your sympathy ? Comment upon the absolute loyalty of 
the Bastard. Do you find a growth in his nature since his dissertation on "Com- 
modity, " or were his closing words then a sort of self -slander ? 

General Resume. — Is the picture of papal claims and power over-drawn in this 
play ? What historical event in Shakespeare's time would naturally arouse great 
enthusiasm for the last words spoken by the Bastard ? How was the loss of the 
French provinces in the end a gain to England ? Why was this period one of great 
importance in English History ? What then is the key-note of the play of "King 
John ?" Sum up personal traits of John. Which character in the drama voices 
the most intense patriotism ? Do you regard him as its foremost character ? Des- 
ignate the three largest figures. Position of Constance among Shakesperian hero- 
ines. Compare Salisbury's course with other characters in historical literature, 
who have made alliances with foreign foes. Characterize Hubert de Burgh and 
give items concerning his future career. Prominent traits of Pandulph. Others 
o{ iht dramatis per sotite. Give sources of the plot of the play. Its stage as- 
sociations. Wherein lies its chief interest ? Its greatest dramatic situation ? Its 
most pathetic scene ? In what degree is it true to history ? Famous quotations. 
Opinions of critics. 



HISTORICAL OUTLINES. 



Reign of Henry III. 

The regency. Henry's personal administration. His character. The Friars. 
Roger Bacon. 

I^dward 1. 

The Parliament. Conquest of Wales. The Welsh people. Their customs and 
manners. Banishment of the Jews. Warfare with the Scots. Execution of Wal- 
lace. 

Collateral Redding. 

Scots Wha Hae W1' Wallace Bled, - - - - Burns. 

Scottish Chiefs, - . - - - Jane Porter. 

Edward II. 

Robert Bruce and Bannockburn. Character of the King. Summary of his reign. 

Gdward III. 

The Hundred Years War. Other leading events. The Black Prince. Genera] 
character of this reign. 



/ 



16 STUDIES IN ENGLISH HISTORY. 



Richard II. 

Foreign Wars. Rising of the Commons. Wicklifie and the Lollarda. Litera- 
ture of this period. Geoffrey Chaucer. 

Collateral Rending. 

John Wyclif, (Beacon Lights of History, Vol. IL) ♦ - Lord. 

The Canterbury Tales. .... - Chaucer. 



"Ricbart) If. 

LESSON I. 

Act /-Quotations from any source on reputation, character, or fame. Causes of 
the knightly quarrel between Mowbray and Bolingbroke as defined by Gaunt, 
liolingbroke's declared attitude and Norfolk's answer. The three charges made by 
the former and the defence of the latter. Wager of battle of Coventry. Origin of 
the custom. Its use by Shakespeare. Evident opinion of Gaunt and the Duchess 
of Gloster concerning the Duke's death. Is the course of the Duchess in this inter- 
view unusual for a woman ? Note the apparent confidence of each of the would-be 
combatants in the justice of his cause. Which shows the greater attachment for 
the King ? Has Richard anywhere given a hint of a leaning toward either? How 
has he manifested distrust and fear of both ? Which one moves your sympathies the 
more by his grief at the decree of exile ? Why did Gaunt give his voice in the coun- 
cil for his son's banishment? Gaunt and Bolingbroke on the power of imagination. 
What view of Richard's character do you obtain in the closing scene of the Act ? 
Of the demeanor of Bolingbroke ? What were his probable reasons in giving the 
challenge ? Do you regard Richard's course in the matter as wise from a politi- 
cal stand-point ? 

Historical Sketch. — Thomas, Duke of Gloster. 

LESSON M. 

Act II. — Gaunt's belief about the potency of words of the dying. Your 
opinion of death-bed messages. Note the wonderful description of England. The 
present condition of the realm and the habits and associates of Richard. Historic- 
al view of his campaigns in Ireland. York's timely warning to the King. The lat* 
ter's evident confidence in this uncle. Revelation made by Northumberland to the 
dissatisfied nobles. Reasons for their cours?;, self preservation or love of country ? 
Presentiments of the Queen. Were they natural to one circumstanced like herself ? 
How does the conflict which has arisen in the mmd of York terminate ? The 
omini»us situation as viewed by the former companions of the King. The condi- 
tion of affairs as related by young Percy. York's arraignment of Bolingbroke. 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH HISTORY. 17 

What justification for his presence in England does the latter offer ? Do you think 
he exposes his real intentions ? How does York receive his protestations ? Note 
the attitude of Northumberland. Comment upon the importance of occurrences 
in Wales. Is Richard entirely responsible for his coming downfall or does Fate 
become an element in his affairs ? 

Historical Sketch. — John of Gaunt. 

LESSON IN. 

Ads III., IV. — Comment upon Bolingbroke's conduct in ordering the death of the 
King's adherents. Note Richard's expressed belief regarding an annointed king. 
How does he bear the news about the disbanding of his army ? Part played here by 
Carlisle. Richard's determination after hearing the tale told by Scroop. Note the 
demand, offer of allegiance and threat in reversion of Bolingbroke. The kingly atti- 
tude of Richard and his prophecy. The pledge made by Northumberland in be- 
half of Bolingbroke. Caution of Auraerle. Richards abject grief and submission 
to his cousin. Was any other course open to him? Point out the political moral 
in the gardener's allegory. What was Bolingbroke's real object in instituting a court 
of inquiry concerning Gloster's death ? What lesson in this scene of contradictions ? 
Story of Norfolk. Carlisle as a type of loyalty. His prophecy. Comment upon 
Richard's renunciation of the crown. Upon the incident of the mirror. His " one 
boon. " What is your opinion of the bearing of the principal actors in the scene of 
dethronement ? The plot under way. 

AssiGNiiD Topics. — The Queens of Richard. 
The English Crusaders. 

LESSON IV. 

Acl V. — Summary. — Richard's attempts at consoling the Queen. Note his pro- 
phetic words to Northumberland. Popular feeling at this juncture of affairs. 
Where do you place York's real sympathies ? Do you think his conduct unnatural 
when he learns of the conspiracy ? The mother's part in securing the pardon. 
State your sentiments toward Richard when you meet him in prison. What has 
probably hastened his death ? In which scene of the play is his situation the most 
pathetic ? Other quotations on music. Bolingbroke's clemency toward Carlisle. 
Compare his attitude at the close of the play with that of John in his interview with 
Hubert de Burgh. Ideas of the time concerning expiation. Comment upon the 
character of Henry IV. as drawn in this play. Describe the personahty of Richard. 
Where has he shown the greatest weakness ? Where the most kingly qualities ? 
Group the two factions of the play and compare character and ability. Point out 
noblest lines of the drama. Familiar quotations. State sources of the plot. 
Opinions of critics. Its deviations from historic accuracy. What was the proba- 
ble object of Shakespeare's historical dramas ? Comment upon their influence on 
the minds of the English people. 

Question for Debate. — Does Shakespeare in this play make a plea for the 

legitimate succession of royalty ? 



18 STUDIES IN ENGLISH HISTORY. 



Ibcnv^ HID. 

PART I. j 

LESSON L 
Aci I. — Connect this play historically with the preceding one. The hopeful be - 
lief of the King. His deferred purpose. His wish as a father. Note the agree- 
ment made in Sc. 2. Comment upon the Prince's soliloquy at its close. Upon 
the King's cause of complaint against the Percys. Hotspur's defence. Suspicions 
of the King. With whom do you sympathize in this dispute ? General discontent 
of the Percys. Call to mind the prophecy of King Richard in this connection. 
The plan agreed upon by the Percys. 

LESSON M. 

Act II. — State the out-come of the thieving expedition. Caution of Hotspur's 
correspondent and his probable course. Compare the interview between husband 
and wife with that of Drutus and Portia in " Julius Caesar. " Which do you con- 
sider the most humorous portion of Sc. 4 ? Note Falstaff 's most pointed exp ^^ 
sions. What is the secret of his wit ? ^"^ 

LESSON IN. j^^ 

Act III. — What light is thrown upon the character and pretensions of Glendojj^. 
in Sc. I? Hotspur's skepticism. Comment upon the tripartite agreement ente^j^ 
into. Traits of Hotspur as here shown and learned from the remarks of othj p 
The King's reproof of his son. Mis recapitulation of the former contrast beiw^^g 
Richard and himself. His tribute to Hotspur. Harry's excuse for the past aj. 
pledge for the future. Military plans. Falstaff's declarations, falsifications and e 
cuse for his frailty. 

LESSON IV. 
Act IV. — Various views of the ominous tidings received by Hotspur. Falstjs 
new line of business in Sc. 2. The council of war in the rebel camp. Embass f 
Sir Walter Blunt. Hotspur's arraignment of the King. Your opinion ofs 
justice. Glendower's defection. Fears and plans ol the Archbishop of York. 

LESSON V. 

Act V. — Suvnnary. — Locate Shrewsbury. Charges and countercharges of - 
King and Worcester. Which has the better of the dispute ? Proposition of : 
Prince. Probable reasons for the offered clemency of the King. Falstaff's id> 
of honor. Compare with Mowbray on reputation. Worcester's reasons for wil 
holding the royal message from Hotspur. Other expressions on suspicion. V< 
non's tribute to the Prince. Is Hotspur's confidence equal to his courage ? T 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH HISTORY. 19 

I'use employed by the King as a means of safety to his person. Note the part taken 
in the engagement by Prince Henry. Falstaff's military exploits. His new resolve. 
Result of the battle and disposal of the prisoners. Further plans of the King. 
What is the main central interest of this play ? Point out the two most dramatic 
characters. Which do you like the better ? Compare their ideas of honor and 
ambition. Hotspur's greatest fault. In what particular does this play differ widely 
from the two preceding historical ones ? Is the comic side of the drama permea- 
ted with the spirit of history? Point out various minor characters and connect 
them with the action of the play. Which is its greatest scene ? Emphasize finest 
passages and famous quotations. 



PART II. 



LESSON L 

Ari I. — Various quotations on rumor. Its unreliability emphasized in the In- 
duction and in Sc.i. Morton's account of the battle of Shrewsbury. Effect of the 
tidings upon Northumberland. Wise council of Morton and Lord Bardolph. Influ- 
ence of the clergy indicated. Comment upon Falstaff's interview with the Chief 
Justice. Shakespeare's probable reason for portraying Falstafif as an old man. The 
Council in the Archbishop's palace. Lord Bardolph's evident lack of reliance on 
Northumberland. His fine allegorical presentation of the situation. Hasting's 
views of Henry's dilemma. The Archbishop's belief. Other examples of the fickle- 
ness of the multitude. 

LESSON II. 

Act II-IIl. — Falstaff in danger of imprisonment. His adroitness in extricating 
himself from the difficulty. Prince Henry's dread of appearing as a hypocrite. His 
evident appreciation of his own folly. Do you believe Northumberland's course to 
be influenced by the pleadings of his wife and Lady Percy ? What do you think 
of the argvxment of the latter ? How do you view the conduct of Northumberland ? 
Falstaff's ingenious excuse for his slander of the Prince. Do you observe signs of a 
real change in Henry ? Note the King's state of mind in Act III, Sc. I. Other 
quotations on sleep. The King's thoughts on fate. On the undesirability of fore- 
knowledge of the future. His reminiscences. Warwick on prophecy. His com- 
forting news. The King's retention of his old desire. Your opinion of our new 
acquaintances, Justices Shallow and Silence. The controlling influence in Fal- 
staff's selection of recruits. His description of Shallow. 

LESSON III. 
Act IV. — -The discontent toward Henry, as voiced by the Archbishop of York. 
Westmoreland's defence. His offer in the name of the King. Differing views of 
the leaders of the malcontents. The promise of redress made by Prince John of 



20 STUDIES IN ENGLISH HISTORY. 

Lancaster. His subsequent interpretation of his words. Can you justify 
his action ? The fictitious valor of FalstafT. Note his comparison of 
Lancaster and Prince Henry. The King's characterization of the Prince. Is 
Warwick's staled opinion regarding the seeming levity of Harry a correct one ? 
The good news received by the King. His comment on the power to assimilate the 
gifts of Fortune His physical infirmity. Comment upon the episode of the crown. 
The King on filial ingratitude. His bitter reproaches. The tenderness of the son's 
reply. Why does King Henry think the crown may prove less troublesome to his 
son than it has been to himself ? His latest counsel. The prophecy about his 

death. 

LESSON IV. 
Act V. — General Resume. — Shallow's motives in entertaining his old friend and 
his retinue. Falstaff's object in cultivating the society of Silence and Shallow. 
Apprehensions of those about the court. Attitude of the young King. Falstaft's 
elation of mind concerning the accession of Henry V. as voiced on several occasions. 
Do you feel any sympathy for the old joker at his downfall ? Does the King evi- 
dently hope for his reformation ? Hints of military movements in a new field. 
Which is the most perfectly drawn character of the play ? Whom would you place 
next ? Do you consider Falslaff a coward ? Give the leading features of his per- 
sonality. Wherein lies the charm of his character ? Designate the scene in which 
his humor appears in its highest order. Recount further episodes in his career as 
related in "The Merry Wives of Windsor." State the general features of the 
reign of Henry IV. Give your opinion of him as a man. Note his most marked 
trait of character. Incidents of his domestic lifo. Note the idea of historical re- 
tribution as portrayed in the dramas of " Richard II." and "Henry IV." How 
do you account for the supposed conversion of Prince Henry ? Sum up his leading 
traits as seen in the play. Point out and describe minor personages. Mention 
poetical gems. Familiar quotations. How does the second part of the drama 
compare with the first ? What period of time is covered by the two plays ? State 
the position assigned to them by noted critics. 



Ibenr^ ID. 

LESSON I. 
Act I. — Recapitulate important events since Henry's accession to the throne. 
The change in his character and various tributes to his virtues and ability. 
The impending menace to the power of the clergy. How is it proposed to inclin.i 
the King toward a liberal policy in their behalf ? Upon what ground does Henry 
claim the French crown ? What information and advice does he receive in Sc. 6. 
Relations with Scotland at this time. Note Canterbury's fine simile of the com- 
monwealth of bees. Do you think Henry is influenced by him ? Comment upon 
the condition of affairs in France at this time. The taunt of the Dauphin and 
Henry's reply. 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH HISTORY. 21 

LESSON IL 

Act If. — Knowledge furnished by the Chorus. Note the information concerning 
old acquaintances found in Act IL Sc. i. Your belief about Falstaff's capacity for 
affection. The outcome of the conspiracy against the King. What idea of the 
characters of the conspirators would you derive from their conduct ? Was the con- 
spiracy brought about by the bribery of French gold or was it formed in behalf of 
the heir ot the House of Mortimer ? Does the poet mean to hint at the awaken- 
ing of a better nature in Falstaff ? Do you think he " babbled " of the '* green 
pastures" of the twenty-third psalm? Observe the differing opinions in the 
French court regarding the English invasion. Note the tone of the message re- 
ceived from Henrv. 

LESSON tIL 

Act II J. — Size of the English fleet and progress of negotiations as told by the 
Chorus. Henry's fine exhortation to his soldiers before Harfleur. Incidents of the 
siege. What evidence of the growth of a national feeling in England is observed ? 
Description of Rouen. Comment upon the interview between Katharine and her 
companion. Note the conversation in Sc. 5. What order of the King results fatal- 
ly to a former comrade ? Montjoy's message and Henry's frank reply. The state 
of feeling in the French camp upon the eve of the battle of Agincourt. 

LESSON IV. 

Act IV. — Description of the two camps. Effect of Henry's presence and example. 
Other instances, historical or literary, of the marked power of personal influence. 
The King on the relativity of good and evil. Upon the purely human qualities of 
a King. On the individual responsibility of every soul. How does his old mirth- 
ful disposition reassert itself ? Henry's reflections on ceremony. His atonement 
for his father's fault. Note the French description of the English army. Com- 
ment upon Henry's confidence in the face of such odds. Historical account of the 
battle of Agincourt. Episodes and conversations associated with the battle. Has 
York, by his valor and noble death, repaid the clemency of Henry IV ? The far- 
fetched comparison of Fluellen. Result of the wager. Henry's pious gratitude. 

LESSON V. 

Act V. -General Resume. — Note the length of time that elapses between Acts IV 
and V. The occurrences during this interval. Piety and humility of Henry as 
voiced by the Chorus. Troubles of Pistol in Sc. i. The meeting of Prince Henry 
with the French nobility and Princess Katharine. Burgundy's picture of the state 
of France. Comment upon Henry's fashion of wooing. Do you think he 
presents an attractive portrait of himself ? Is it a correct one ? Name 
the conditions of the treaty of Troyes. What period of time is covered by the action 
of this play ? Henry's rank as an impersonation of patriotism. Do you regard him 
as Shakespeare's greatest hero ? What was undoubtedly his real aim in the French 
invasion ? Sum up his personal traits. Results of his reign. Compare him with 
contemporary monarchs. Who in the drama stands next to the King in deline- 
ation of character. Does this play give a fair representation of the French ? 



22 STUDIES IN ENGLISH HISTORY. 

In which group of characters is the comic life of the drama mainly centered ? How 
do its ludicrous scenes compare with those of Henry IV ? What purpose has been 
served by the introduction of the three profligates? Mission of the Choruses. 
Wherein lies the chief interest of the play ? Specify its finest scenes. Strongest 
speeches. Rank assigned it by critics. 

Historical Sketchks. — Princess Katharine. 

Queen Isabel. 



Ibent^ m. 

PART I. 



LESSON \. 
Acts I-II. — Connect this play historically with the preceding one. Designate 
members of the royal family and state degrees of consanguinity. Tribute to Henry 
V. in Sc. I. Cause of the altercation that takes place at his obsequies. News 
brought by the three messengers and the effect thereby produced. Swift changing 
opinions in the French camp. Arrival upon the scene of the Maid of Orleans. 
Her previous history. Her confidence in her mission. Comment upon the tumul- 
tuous proceedings of Sc. 3. Historical account of the siege of Orleans. Incidents 
related by Shakespeare. Honors now proposed for Joan. Impression so far pro- 
duced by her. Characteristics of Talbot as manifested at this time. Note the ac- 
count of the formation of the parties of the White and Red Rose in the famous 
Temple Garden scene. The proposal and prophecy of Warwick. Compare with 
the warning words of the Bishop of Carlisle in Richard II., Act IV. The '* cause 
that imprisoned " Mortimer as related by himself. Historical basis of the claim. 
Does the conversation in this prison scene enlist your sympathy for the House of 
Mortimer or rather York as opposed to the Lancastrian succession? Interpret 
closing words of Richard Plantagenet. 

LESSON n. 

Acts III-IV. — Dissensions in the royal family and among the retainers of the two 
factions. The hollow reconciliation. Honors bestowed upon Plantagenet. Fears 
of Exeter. Note the stratagem by means of which the French gain possession of 
Rouen. Heroic death of Bedford contrasted with the cowardice of Sir John Fas- 
tolfe. The eloquence of Joan in soliciting the alliance of Burgundy. The prowess 
of Talbot and its reward. Coronation of Henry in Pans. Disgrace of Sir John 
Fastolfe. Defection of Burgundy. Sound advice of Henry to the would-be com- 
batants. Exeter on envy. Other similar expressions. Desperate situation of 
Talbot at Bordeaux. Effect upon his fate of the dissensions between York and 
Somerset. Touching interviews between Talbot and his son. Mingled pride and 
grief of the parent. Story of Di^dalus and Icarus. Note how Talbot's death 
arouses new hope in the French camp. 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH HISTORY. 23 

LESSON IM. 

Act V. — General Resume. — Henry's feelings about the proposed treaty of peace. 
The elevation to which Winchester attains and the use he proposes to make of it. 
The capture of La Pucelle. The meeting of Margaret and Suffolk. Comment up- 
on the last appearance of La Pucelle. Do you think the injustice of this delinea- 
tion due to a desire to please the national pride of the English, or was it the com- 
monly accepted view at that time ? Compare the portraiture here given with that 
of Schiller. With accounts of other writers. Note the influences that combine to 
effect a league and its conditions. The controversy which takes place in London 
concerning King Henry's bethrothal. Your opinion of Suffolk's argument in favor 
of a love-match. His evident aim. Characterize Bedford and Gloster. Who is 
the hero of this play ? Characteristics of Henry as here shown. Point out other 
characters and connect them with the action of the drama. In which is the fiery 
strength of the House of Lancaster now vested ? Designate most important events 
of the play. Its main interest. State opinions concerning its authorship. Which 
portions are said to be unmistakably Shakespearian ? Sources of the plot. Truth 
to history. Associations with the stage. Familiar quotations. 

Historical Sketches. — Regnier, Count of Anjou. 
Charles VII. King of France. 

Collateral Reading. 
Joan of Arc, (Beacon Lights of History.) - - • Lord. 

The Maid of Orleans, . . . . _ Schiller. 

Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc, {Harper^ s Magazine^ iSg^-gb.) Mark Twain. 
The Days of Jeanne d'Arc, {Century Magazine, i8gj.) Mary Hartwell Catherwood. 



Ibent^ OT, 

PART II. 



LESSON I. 
Acts 1-ir. — Margaret's reception at the English court. Terms of the marriage 
contract and the feeling created thereby. Motives attributed to Gloster and Win- 
chester. The aims of various peers as here observed. The ambition of a woman as 
exemplified in Sc. 2. Contrast circumstances of the Duchess with those of Lady 
Macbeth. The pitfall which is being prepared for her. Note the causes of the 
Queen's discontent. Plans of Suffolk. Contrast between the indecision of the King 
and the force of the Queen. The accusation against Gloster and his response; 
York's bitter feeling about the failure of the French compaign. What prevents 
his appointment to the regency of France ? Comment upon the scene of conjura- 
tion. Incidents connected with the hawking excursion. York's claim to the throne. 
Note his astute view of the situation. The compact made with Salisbury and 



24 STUDIES IN ENGLISH HISTORY. 

Warwick. Sentence of Elinor and grief of the Duke of Gloster. Further pro- 
ceedings in the hall of justice. Punishment of the Duchess. Why does Duke 
Humphrey bear their humiliation so patiently ? Compare Elinor's clear-sighted 
premonitions of evil with Gloster's confidence in the triumph of justice. Are wo- 
men inclined to be more suspicious or apprehensive than men ? 

LESSON n. 

Acts II/-IV. — Various charges made against the Duke of Gloster. Henry's con- 
fidence in him. High-handed proceedings of Suffolk. Gloster's noble words in 
reply to the accusations. Grief of the King. The wickedness planned by the plot- 
ters. The news from France and Ireland. Note the great importance to France 
of her conquest of Aquilaine. The Queen in the role of a peace-maker. York's 
intentions as gleaned from himself. The King's feelings upon learning of Gloster's 
death. Hypocrisy of Margaret and her reproaches. Warwick's reasons for enter- 
taining suspicions of violence having been done. His courage in proclaiming his 
convictions. Compare the King's fine words on conscience with other similar ex- 
pressions. Belief of the Commons concerning the murder and their demand. The 
King's expressed reasons for granting it. Comment upon the parting of Suffolk and 
the Queen. Do you feel any sympathy for the lovers ? Do you observe re- 
tribution in the sufferings of Beaufort ? The death of Suffolk. Lineage and pre- 
tentions of Jake Cade. Aim and progress of the insurrection. Further example 
of the fickleness of the multitude. Why is especial importance attached to this re- 
volt ? Henry's feelings about king-ship. The new danger that menaces him. 
Indications in this lesson of his changed sentiments toward the Queen. 

LESSON III. 
Summary. — Act V. — York's belief in his destiny. His reasons for appearing with 
so large a force. His apparent submission. How is he led to display his real in- 
tentions ? Henry on the attributes of age. Quotations on the compensations of old 
age. Comment upon the position taken by Salisbury and Warwick. Historical 
account of the battle of St. Albans. Incidents recounted in the play. Clifford's 
apostrophe to war. The motive that is henceforth to rule his life. In whom 
does the chief personal force upon the Lancastrian side now reside ? State your 
opinion of the influence of Margaret thus far upon the fortunes of the House of 
Lancaster. Which factor is apparently the popular one ? What seems to be the 
spring of action with most of the participants of the play ? Whom do you con- 
sider the strongest character ? Which one has had most power in shaping events ? 
Which do you consider the least selfish ? Which has Shakespeare partially ideal- 
ized ? Sum up achievements and characteristics of the Duke of Gloster. Where 
do you think King Henry appears at his best ? In what portion of the drama is 
his weakness most conspicuous ? Contrast Suffolk with Lancelot. What three 
leading subjects are found in this division of " Henry VI." ? Which one holds 
the main interest for you ? Which portion of the play has excited your warmest 
sympathy ? Designate noble lines and strong passages. Note deviations from 
historical accuracy. Evidences of superstitions of the times. 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH HISTORY. 25 



PART ill. 

LESSON L 

Ac/ I. — Additional details of the battle of St. Albans as furnished by the vic- 
tors. Warwick's vow and advice to York. Occui-rences which follow York's seizure 
of the throne. Feelings of Henry regarding his title. Why does he consent to the 
arrangement concerning the succession? How is the compromise viewed by the 
principal Lancastrians ? York's oath of fealty. In reference to its provisions, 
what treaty does the compact resemble ? Action taken by the Queen in consequence 
of it. Your opinion of Henry's " peace at any price " policy. The interview of 
York and his sons. Which one appears as the leading spirit ? Richard's 
sophistry on the sanctity of an oath compared with the dictum of Pandulph to Philip 
in " King John. " Richard's idea of the bliss of wearing a crown contrasted with 
expressions of Richard II. and Henry IV. The struggle outlined in Scenes 3 and 
4. What palliation, if any, do you find for the blood-thirstiness of Clifford ? 
Yoi'k's strong arraignment of the Queen. Do you think she may have been af- 
fected by a species of delirious excitement ? Can you call to mind historical or lit- 
erary examples of similar cruelty shown by women ? Do you feel sympathy for 
York at his death ? Review the progress of his ambition beginning with the Tem- 
ple Garden scene. His unfulfilled pledges. Compare his conduct with that of 
Bolingbroke. Sum up his chief characteristics. 

LESSON II. 

Act II. — Filial pride and love of York's sons. Apparition of the three suns. 
Warwick's account of the second battle of St. Albans. His confidence in his own 
powers. The reliance placed in him by the Yorkists. The King's conscientious 
scruples. Clifford's argument in behalf of parental instincts. Power of the par- 
liament at this time. Do you accept Edward's statement of Margaret's responsibili- 
ty for the troubles of the realm ? Episodes of the conflict at Towton. Reflections 
of King Henry. Graphic picture of the horrors of civil war, Clifford's loyalty to 
the Lancastrian cause as voiced in his dying moments. Warwick's plans for Ed- 
ward's aggrandizement. Promise of the latter to the king-maker. Superstition 
of Richard. Barbarous customs of the time as shown by various atrocities in these 

plays. 

LESSON III. 

Acts III-IV. — Length of time that elapses between Acts II. and III. The pres- 
ent status of affairs. Comment upon Henry's return to England. Hints of the 
brothers of Edward concerning his voluptuous nature. Your opinion of his love- 
making tactics. Richard's mental temperament and purposes'as revealed in his solilo- 



26 STUDIES IN ENGLISH HISTORY. 

quy. Occurrences at the French court. Comment upon Warwick's state of mind 
and the position taken by him. Historical account of the formation of the alliance 
between Margaret and Warwick. What view of the character of Louis XI. is here 
obtained ? Is it a correct one ? Edward's marriage and its consequences as viewed 
by his brothers and other nobles. Sound words of Hastings on French alliances. 
Appearance of the new Queen. The various messages received from France by 
Edward. Clarence's decision. Edward's plans for resisting his enemies. War- 
wick on "trust." Take note of his intuitive feeling regarding the alliance with 
Clarence. Edward as a soldier. His capture and rescue. Arrangement made by 
Henry with Warwick and Clarence. Note the first appearance of an important 
historical character and trace his relationship to the royal family. Henry's "divin- 
ing thought " regarding him. Return of Edward and his supporters to England. 
His claim upon entering York. Its sudden enlargement. Plans of Henry and his 
counsellors. His ground for confidence in his followers. His surprise and capture. 

LESSON IV. 
Afi V. — The spirited parley between the leaders of opposing forces. Clarence's 
motives in deserting Warwick. The battle of Barnet. Pathos of the death of War- 
wick. Margaret's address to the council of generals and its evident effect. Her 
speech to the soldiers. Outcome of the conflict at Tewksbury. The 
executions which follow. Note the long continued loyalty of Somerset. 
Courage of the young Prince. The tower scene. Richard on "suspicion." 
Prophecy of Henry. Character and purposes of Richard as told by himself. Ed- 
ward's belief about the security of his throne. Disposal of Margaret. The chief 
business of life now about to be entered upon. 

General Questions. — Period of time covered by the action of this play. Its one 
theme. Specify its strongest passages. Whom do you regard as its central figure ? 
Is its delineation of Warwick true to history ? How does the idea of his character 
here obtained compare with that portrayed in *' The Last of the Barons ? " What 
expectation have you formed concerning Richard from his significant soliloquies in 
this piece ? What one prerogative of womanhood has remained to Margaret during 
the terrible scenes of her career ? In which part of the trilogy does she appear to 
best advantage ? The Margaret of history. Story of later years of her life as relat- 
ed by Scott in "Anne of Geierstein. " Draw a parallel between the career of 
Henry VI. and that of Richard II. Call to mind information concerning or im- 
pressions produced by other characters of the drama. Note opinions of critics re- 
garding the authorship of second and third parts of the trilogy of Henry VI. 

Collateral Reading. 

Margaret of Anjou, ..... Abbott. 

The Last of the Barons, ..... Bulwer. 

Anne of Geierstein, ..... Scott. 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH HISTORY. 27 



mrxQ 1Rtcbar& irinr. 

LESSON L 

Ac^ I. — Affairs in England as learned from Gloster's opening soliloquy. Do you 
think his sense of personal deformity has an effect upon his character and deeds ? 
State the causes of Clarence's downfall. Richard's pretense in reference to the 
same. His duplicity as here shown. His motives for desiring a matrimonial alli- 
ance with the Lady Anne. The latter as a mourner. Her interview with Gloster. 
Do you find any palliation for her apparent weakness ? Note here and afterwards 
Richard's wonderful power to influence his associates. Do you think he is some- 
what surprised at his ready success with Anne ? Her portrait as drawn by Bulwer 
in " The Last of the Barons. " Affairs at court and the controlling force therein. 
Gloster's characterization of himself. His reproaches of the Queen and her ex- 
pressed purpose. The discomfort of her position. Margaret's malediction. 
Her warning to Buckingham, Plans for the Death of Clarence. His wonderful 
dream. Examples of the influence of dreams upon thought and conduct in life 
and literature. The close of Clarence's life. In your opinion is his fate merited ? 

LESSON n. 

Act II. — What length of time elapses between Acts I. and H ? The seeming re- 
conciliation of the jarring factions at court. Various comments regarding the death 
of Clarence. The scene of lamentations. Council concerning the young Prince. 
Index to the general feeling caused by Edward's death as given in the interview 
between the two citizens. Shrewdness of the little Duke of Yoik. Ominous news 
of the Queen's kindred and supporters. Give an account of the life and charac- 
ter of Edward IV. Of Caxton and his printing press. State of parties in England 
at this period. 

LESSON^III. 

Act III. — Comment upon the appearance and disposition of the two young Prin- 
ces. Note Buckingham's declaration about the privilege of sanctuary. The plot- 
ting that is under way. Position of Hastings. Fears of Stanley. Events at Pom- 
fret. Note Hastings* opinion of Gloster. Can you cite other instances in Shakes- 
peare of such utter misplacement of confidence ? Death of Hastings. Has he for- 
feited all title to your compassion ? His character as portrayed in "The Last of 
the Barons. " Hypocrisy of Gloster and Buckingham as shown in Sc. 5, State the 
discredit which Richard seeks to throw upon his own family. What evidence ap- 
pears that he makes a pretense of adhering to forms of law ? The scene which 
paved the way for Richard's coronation. Was the co-operation of Buckingham 
necessary to Richard's success at this juncture ? 



28 STUDIES IN ENGLISH HISTORY. 

LESSON IV. 

Act IV. — Unanimity of feeling shown at the meeting of women in So. i. Rich- 
ard's test of Buckingham, His further purposes here disclosed. His evident fear 
of Richmond. His contemptuous treatment of Buckingham. Remorse of Tyr- 
rell and his accomplices. Other examples of compunction of conscience in Shakes- 
pearian murderers. Tidings received by Richard. Interview of lamenting wo- 
men. Their bitter reproaches of Richard. Could a mother utter as fell a curse as 
is here placed in the mouth of the Duchess ? Richard's proposition concerning the 
daughter of Elizabeth. What is your opinion regarding the leal intentions of the 
latter ? Compare this scene with the wooing of Anne. Do you think Richard 
may have possessed mesmeric powers, or what was the secret of his influence ? 
Give an idea of the military movements that are taking place. How does Richard 
restrain Stanley from open hostiity ? 

LESSON V. 

Act V.-General Resume. — Buckingham's reflections on the way to execution. 
His high rank. Situation on the eve of the battle of Bosworth. To which of his 
crimes was the revolt of the nobles against Richard chiefly due? Compare with 
the attitude of the barons toward King John as pictured by Shakespeare. Purpose 
served by the apparitions. Compare with other ghostly visitations. Richmond's 
devout attitude and his reasons for confidence. Richard's fears and attempts at 
arousing courage. Incidents and result of the battle. Speech of Richmond out- 
lining his future policy. Note historical accounts of Richard's possession of a 
troubled conscience. What evidence of this do you find in the play ? Can you 
believe that he cares for love or pity ? Stale what you regard as his greatest wicked- 
ness. How does he differ from Edmund and lago ? Can you specify any virtue 
possessed by him ? Give the weight of evidence for and against a belief in his un- 
mitigated villainy. What is his chief characteristic ? What of his personal ap- 
pearance ? Sum up his remarkable qualities and his work as a ruler. Who stands 
next to Richard in the drama in powerful representation ? Discuss motives and 
influence of the various characters. Note the chain of Nemesis connecting them. 
With what other play can you compare the catastrophe of this one ? Outline the 
general effect of the Wars of the Roses upon the condition of England. What 
feelings seem to have been abnormally developed by them ? How does the play 
of Richard III rank with the great tragedies of Shakespeare ? With other historic 
dramas. What ot its popularity ? Give its sources of historic matter and its de- 
gree of adherence to the same. Note its dissertations on conscience and call to 
mind other similar Shakespearian expressions. Memorize notable passages. Men- 
tion actors who have been distinguished for the delineation of King Richard. Point 
out the indications of superstition which appear in this series of historical plays and 
compare them with beliefs entertained in our own time. 

Collateral Reading. 
Richard III, ..... Abbott. 

The Last Plantagenet, {Scrihner'' s Magazine^ Feb., '97.) Henry Cabot Lodge. 
Shakespeare's Richard III, {Latest literary Essays.) - Lowell. 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH HISTORY. 29 



HISTORICAL OUTLINES. 



General condition of England upon the accession of the House of Tudor. Char- 
acter of Henry VII. Acts of his reign. Foreign alliances. Notable events of the 
age. 

Rule of Henry VIII. Advantages on coming to the throne. Character of his 
government. Relations with contemporary monarchs. Ecclesiastical affairs. Lit- 
erature and learning of the period. 

Assigned Topic. — The Protestant Reformation. 
Historical Sketches. — Sir Thomas More. 

Thomas Cromwell. 
Erasmus. 



Ibents Mirir, 

LESSON \. 

Act I. — What indication of the character of the play is given in the prologue ? 
Describe the meeting which took place at the "Field of the Cloth of Gold." 
Opinions entertained by the three noblemen concerning Wolsey. Advice given to 
Buckingham. Other expressions on anger. The Cardinal's unbounded influence. 
Causes of discontent among the people. Fine defence of his conduct made by 
Wolsey. Henry's characterization of Buckingham, Evidence presented of his 
treason. Comment upon Queen Katherine's appearance in the Council Chamber. 
Note the proclamation in reference to French fashion. Other quotations on custom 
or fashion. The festivities at York House. 

Historical Sketch. — Francis I. 

LESSON IL 

Act II. — The trial and execution of Buckingham and the general feeling regard- 
ing it. Compare the expression on hollow friendships with a similar thought in 
Hamlet, Act III, Sc. 2. The new rumor now abroad. Why had the King formerly 
prohibited its circulation ? Review the circumstances attendant upon Katherine's 
betrothal and marriage. Why is Wolsey supposed to be unfavorable to her ? 
State his probable object in desiring a French matrimonial alliance for Henry. 
What do you learn of the moods of the King ? Of Wolsey's policy ? Comment 



30 STUDIES IN ENGLISH HISTORY. 

upon the business of Cardinal Campeius at the English court. What idea of the 
characteristics of Anne Boleyn do you obtain in Sc. 3 ? Describe the assemblage 
in Blackfriars. Note Katherine's first request and the position subsequently taken 
by her. Henry's tribute to her virtues. His exoneration of the Cardinal and his 
story of the awakening of his conscience. What is your opinion in regard to his sin- 
cerity ? Upon what embassy is Cranmer engaged ? 

LESSON in. 

Acts III. -IV. — Quotations on truth. The visit of Wolsey and Campeius to Kath- 
erine. Her description of her lonely condition. The hint of past trials sustained by 
her. Advice given by the two Cardinals. The fatal mistake made by Wolsey. 
Cranmer's important service to the King. Wolsey's objections to Anne Boleyn. 
What was his object in amassing so much wealth ? State the various accusations 
of the nobles. What is your opinion of Wolsey's culpability in respect to these 
charges? His description of his downfall. The news brought by Cromwell. Wol- 
sey's advice to the latter. Other expressions on ambition. Historical account of 
thefurther action taken by Cromwell in Wolsey's behalf. The coronation of Anne. 
Information concerning Katherine and dignitaries of the realm. The particular in- 
terest attached to Kimbolton. Account of the death of Wolsey. Katherine's opin- 
ion of him. Griffith's characterization. Its truth to history. Comment upon the 
vision. Compare its purpose or effect with other supernatural scenes in Shakes, 
peare. The King's message to Katherine. Her last requests. Her queenly pride. 
Where has your sympathy for her been stirred most intensely ? 

Assigned Topic. — Comparison — Wolsey and Richelieu. 

LESSON IV. 

Act V. — Hopes and wishes of Gardiner as outlined in Sc. i. Cranmer's peril- 
ous situation. Evidences of Henry's good will toward him. The pleasing tidings 
received by the King. Comment upon the scene before the Council Chamber. 
The accusation against Cranmer, his defence and final appeal. The King's atti- 
tude. Signal manifestation of his favor. Describe the christening of Elizabeth. 
Note the prophecy of Cranmer. Do you observe here any indications of a religious 
bias on the part of the author ? From which portion of the andience is especial 
favor expected as shown by the epilogue ? How does the denouement of this play 
differ from all others of Shakspeare's work ? 

General Questions. — What is your belief concerning the authorship of "Henry 
VIII." Designate its strongest scenes. Its finest lines. Give its historical sources 
and discrepancies. Recapitulate its principal incidents. Which is the most im- 
portant from the standpoint of history ? Upon which characters of the play does 
its interest depend ? When is Wolsey greatest ? What is the distinguishing trait of 
Katherine's nature ? How does her delineation rank among Shakespearian crea- 
tions ? What degree of happiness do the women of these histories attain ? Discuss 
Henry's culpability in the matter of the divorce. Compare with Napoleon's con- 
duct. Sum up personal traits of Henry. How was he regarded by the English 
people of his own day ? Name the acts which his name first suggests to the popu- 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH HISTORY. 3l 

lar mind. What other English King had unsuccessfully essayed a separation from 
the See of Rome ? Compare the Protestant Reformation in England with the move- 
ment on the continent. State the arrangements made by Henry concerning the 
succession to the throne. Characterize other important personages of this drama. 
Comment upon its associations with the stage. 

Assigned Topic. — The Wives of Henry VHI. 

Historical Sketch. — Thomas Cranmer. 

Collateral Reading. 

Divorce of Catherine of Aragon, - - - - Froude. 

Henry VHI. aud His Court, - - - Miss Muhlbach. 

Thomas Cranmer, (Beacon Lights of History, Vol. 3.) - Lord. 



HISTORICAL, LITERARY AND BIOGRAPHICAL 

OUTLINES* 



Reign of Edward VI. Foreign events. Religious changes. Other domestic 

affairs. The fixst Queen regnant. Personal position of Mary. Characteristics. 

Her marriage. Religious persecution. Loss of Calais. Story of Lady Jane 

Grey. 

Collateral Reading. 

Queen Mary, (drama.) - - . - Tennyson. 

Reign of Elizabeth. Her character. Her position among female sovereigns. 

Important events. Discoveries and commerce. General condition of England. 

Notable names of theperiod. Discussion of the life and character of Mary Stuart. 

Accession of James I. 

Collateral Reading. 

Queen Elizabeth, Mary Queen of Scots. - - - Abbott. 

Queen Elizabeth, (Beacon Lights of History.) - - - Lord. 

Kenilworth, The Abbot. - - - - - Scott. 

Westward Ho! - - - - - - Kingsley. 

Mary Stuart, (Drama) - - - - . Schiller. 

The Armada, (Poem) - - - - . Macaulay. 

Influence of the Elizabethan Era upon Literature and Learning^. 

Ednumd Spenser. Sir Philip Sidney. Walter Raleigh. Lord Bacon. Read- 
ings from The Fairy Queen. The Arcadia. Bacon's Essays. 



32 STUDIES IN ENGLISH HISTORY. 

Ori|]:in and Growth of the Drama In England. 

Miracle plays. Moral plays. Comedy and tragedy. Early historical plays. 

The Elizabethan Drama. 

Its popularity. Its position in the literature of the world. Theatres and actors. 

Character of the plays. Peele, Green, Marlowe, Ben Johnson, Beaumont, 
Fletcher, Middleton, Webster, Massinger. 

Collateral Reading. 

Francis Bacon, (Beacon Lights of History, Vol. 3 . ) - - Lord. 

Annals of the English Stage. - - - - Doran. 

History of Elizabethan Literature - - - Saintsbury. 

Shakespeare's Predecessors in the English Drama - Symonds. 

A Study of Ben Johnson. - - - Swinburne. 



'* Dear son of memory, great heir of fame. " 

Leading incidents in his life. His record as a citizen. His family relations. 
Association with other playwrights. Popularity in his own day. Influence in later 
times. Present position. How do you account for the comparatively slight amount 
ot knowledge obtainable concerning h!m ? What was his supreme purpose in his 
writings ? State his probable reason for adopting the drama as a form of expres- 
sion. In what does his superiority to his contemporaries consist ? Give reasons 
for your belief that he wrote the plays assigned to him. Note the arguments that 
have been made in favor of a contrary conclusion. Do you find your admiration for 
his genius increased or diminished by an acquaintance with the influences which en- 
vironed him ? 

Collateral Reading. 
Shakespeare, The Hero as Poet, (Hero Worship.) - Carlyle. 

Shakespeare or The Poet. (Representative Men.) - Emerson. 

Judith Shakespeare. {Harper's Magazine^ 1884.) - William Black. 



